Investigation of Managers’ Mental Modeling regarding Strategic Thinking

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Prof. in Management, Faculty of Management, University of , Iran

2 MSc. in Public Administration, Faculty of Management, University of , Iran

3 Prof. in Management, Faculty of Management, University of , Iran

Abstract

In recent years many researchers have focused on cognitive aspects and mental structures of the managers to identify the strategies. They claim that in order to become familiar with how strategies are formulated and developed, they should evaluate the mind of the strategists and somehow decode the black box. Therefore, the present study aimed to understand the managers’ strategic thinking process and to investigate the similarities in their thinking processes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted based on Zaltman metaphor elicitation technique (ZMET) interviews process. Interviews were conducted with 18 managers from two dairy industry companies. The data were analyzed based on Emerging approach of grounded theory. The results of this study demonstrated that the managers of a company are using a shared mental model during strategic thinking. This similarity in their thinking process can be considered to be due to their communications and collaborative work experience. In addition, comparing the common mental model in the two companies, no significant similarity was found in their thinking process. But, there are some similarities between the mental structures of the managers of the two companies.

Keywords

Main Subjects


References
Ahlstrand, B., Lampel, J., & Mintzberg, H. (2001). Strategy Safari: A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management. Simon and Schuster.
(in Persian)
Argyris, C. & Schon, D.A. (1978). Organisational Learning. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley.
Belk, R. W. (2007). You ought to be in Pictures. In Review of Marketing Research (pp. 193-206). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Christensen, G. L., & Olson, J. C. (2002). Mapping consumers' mental models with ZMET. Psychology & Marketing, 19(6), 477-501.
Coulter, R. H., & Zaltman, G. (1995). Seeing the voice of the customer: Metaphor-based advertising research. Journal of advertising research, 35(4), 35-51.
Daniels, K., De Chernatony, L., & Johnson, G. (1995). Validating a method for mapping managers' mental models of competitive industry structures. Human Relations, 48(9), 975-991.
Doyle, J. R. & Sims, D. 2002. Enabling metaphors in conversations: a technique of cognitive sculpting for explicating knowledge. In: Huff, A. S. and Jenkins, M. eds. Mapping Strategic Knowledge, Strategic Management & Business Policy, London: Sage, pp. 63-88.
Gary, M. S., & Wood, R. E. (2008). Mental Models, Decision Rules, Strategies and Performance Heterogeneity. Atlanta Competitive Advantage Conference Paper. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1095665.
Hodgkinson, G. P., & Johnson, G. (1994). Exploring the mental models of competitive strategists: The case for a processual approach. Journal of Management Studies, 31(4), 525-552.
Hodgkinson, G. P., Maule, A. J., & Bown, N. J. (2004). Causal cognitive mapping in the organizational strategy field: a comparison of alternative elicitation procedures. Organizational Research Methods, 7(1), 3-26.
Kalargyrou, V., & Woods, R. H. (2011). Wanted: training competencies for the twenty-first century. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 23(3), 361-376.
Kim, H. (2009). Qualitative mapping for understanding the collective judgment building process: a study of the federal open market committee. State University of New York at Albany.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. Basic books.
Liedtka, J. M. (1998). Strategic thinking: can it be taught. Long range planning, 31(1), 120-129.
Malan, R. (2010). The role of shared mental models of strategic thinking in the development of organisational strategy. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern Queensland).
Malan, R. (2011). Exploring the interconnectedness among strategy development, shared mental models, organisational learning and organisational change. International Journal of Learning and Change, 5(3-4), 227-241.
Malan, R., Erwee, R., & Rose, D. M. (2009, December). The importance of individual mental models for strategic thinking in organisations. In Proceedings of the 23rd Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference (ANZAM 2009) (pp. 1-17). Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management.
Martignoni, D., Menon, A., & Siggelkow, N. (2016). Consequences of misspecified mental models: Contrasting effects and the role of cognitive fit. Strategic Management Journal, 37(13), 2545-2568.
Menon, A. R., & Yao, D. A. (2017). Rationalizing Outcomes: Mental-Model-Guided Learning in Competitive Markets.
Meyer, R. J. H. (2007). Mapping the Mind of the Strategist: A Quantitative Methodology for Measuring the Strategic Beliefs of Business Executives. ERIM Research Foundation, Rotterdam.
Mintzberg, H. (1994). The fall and rise of strategic planning. Harvard business review, 72(1), 107-114.
Mintzberg, H. (2002). The strategy process: Concepts, Context, Cases (4th Edition). Prentice Hall.
Moezzi, M. A. (2012). Elicitation of clothing consumers' mental Model who lives in Tehran by using ZMET. University of Tehran. (in Persian)
Moore, D. L. (2014). The experience of strategic thinking in a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environment. (Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University).
Ozen, U., & Ulengin, F. (2007). Analyzing strategic thoughts of corporations based on cognitive map. In Unpublished Paper (Conference Proceedings).
Pisapia, J., Pang, N. S. K., Hee, T. F., Lin, Y., & Morris, J. D. (2009). A comparison of the use of strategic thinking skills of aspiring school leaders in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Shanghai, and the United States: An exploratory study. International Education Studies, 2(2), 46-58.
Pisapia, J., Reyes-Guerra, D., & Coukos-Semmel, E. (2005). Developing the leader’s strategic mindset: Establishing the measures. Leadership Review, 5(1), 41-68.
Porac, J. F., & Thomas, H. (2002). Managing cognition and strategy: issues, trends and future directions. Handbook of strategy and management, 165-181.
Ritchie-Dunham, J. L., & Puente, L. M. (2008). Strategic clarity: actions for identifying and correcting gaps in mental models. Long Range Planning, 41(5), 509-529.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2011). Research methods for business students, 5/e. Pearson Education India.
Senge, P. M. (1992). Mental models. Planning review, 20(2), 4-44.
Spicer, D. P. (1998). Linking mental models and cognitive maps as an aid to organisational learning. Career Development International, 3(3), 125-132.
Spicer, D. P. (2000). The Role of Mental Models in Individual and Organisational Learning, Including, Consideration of Cognitive Style. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Steptoe-Warren, G., Howat, D., & Hume, I. (2011). Strategic thinking and decision making: literature review. Journal of Strategy and Management, 4(3), 238-250.
Weiser, J. (1999). Phototherapy techniques: Exploring the secrets of personal snapshots and family albums. Vancouver, BC: Photo Therapy Centre.
Wilson, B. G. (2016). Exploration of mind mapping as an organizational change tool. Pepperdine University.
Wolters, H. M., Grome, A. P., & Hinds, R. M. (2013). Exploring Strategic Thinking: Insights to Assess, Develop, and Retain Strategic Thinkers. Applied Research Associates Inc Fairborn Oh.
Zaltman, G. (1997). Rethinking market research: Putting people back in. Journal of marketing Research, 34(4), 424-437.
Zaltman, G. (2003). How Customers Think: Essential Insights into the Mind of the Market. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. (in Persian)